The Sindh Region, Indus River Civilization and Persian Influence

This is simply a collection of thoughts, facts and their respective sources. If you have any feedback or input please leave it in the comments and/or feel free to e-mail with the contact form.

The source seems reliable, written by Ramesh C. Manghirmalani at Merinews

  • 313 BC, Buddhism came to Sindh
    • Buddhist King Ashoka came under control of Sindh in 313 BC, and during his reign, Sindh became overwhelmingly Buddhist
  • The first mention of Sindh is to be found in the Mahabharata, where Jayadratha, the Aryan king of Sindh fought against Krishna
  • 1947 AD, Hindu Sindhis were forced to leave their land of birth, their homes and belongings and flee to India
Very reliable, written by M.H. Panhwar (confirmed Sindhologist) from Panhwar.com
  • At the time of the Arab conquest of Sindh, 711-712 AD, the official language in use in Sindh was Persian.
  • Continuous rule of these people from Persian, reinforced the influence of Avasti, or Old Persian language in Sindh and the West Pakistan.
  • 1524 AD, Persian and Sindhi literature developed since the rise of Soomras in the early 11th century was destroyed
    • upon the raids, invasion and conquest of Sindh by Shah Beg and Shah Hassan Arghoons who destructed Sindhi villages and towns, looting and executing massacres of the people
    • Persian and Sindhi literature that developed over more than 500 year of Samma and Soomra rule was totally destroyed
      • with the excetpion of Persian history of Chach Nama and a few Sindhi poems of a dozen poets
    • Any surviving literature was preserved in Thatta, the capital of Sindh
      • The Portuguese burned down the city of Thatta, destroying the “books of Sindh,” after Shah Hassan’s death the Tarkhans and former governor at Bakhar began a feud.
  • 1600-1700 AD was the period of struggle of Sindhis to gain lost independence
    • Nationalism resulted from 200 years of struggle against foreign rule, hence the strong nationalistic elements in Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai’s poetry
  • 1699 AD, 400 colleges reported in Thatta by English merchant, Alexander Hamilton
    • Persian scholarship continued to develop
  • 1701-1843 AD, Persian developed in a free atmosphere with no harassment to scholars and Persian continued as the official language
  • 1740 AD,  Iranian Nadir Shah, who annexed Sindh to the Persian Empire, invaded Sindh
    • Nadir Shah took all of the gold and jewelry from the Sindh treasury as well as the complete library of Sindh (which was destructed afterwards).
  • 1843-1849 AD, Persian was removed as official language throughout all of South Asia after British conquest of Sindh and Punjab installed English as the official language
    • To preserve interest in Oriental studies, the British introduced Persian as the second foreign language of education curriculum’s up to matriculation
      • In Sindh, 95% of students, both Hindus and Muslims, studied Persian up to matriculation level
  • 1853-1940 AD, Hindu and Muslim Sindhis produced Sindhi literature that used simple Persian words freely and frequently
  • “Persian was alive in Sindh. It had application and utility. It was helping in development of the Sindhi language, Sindh’s history and past culture. It has large number of ancient works, which discussed history, geography, archaeology and social condition of Sindh for a thousand years. It had Sufi literature acceptable to both Sindhi Hindus and Muslims. Above all it had enormous medical as well as theological literature.”
  • “We will have to create an institute for study of our cultural heritage and history. This institute will collect Persian manuscripts of all kinds, study, analyze, publish and translate them. Only this way, can we keep the Persian language, its utility and legacy alive for understanding our past.”
Very unreliable sources
This content is not very reliable as it was found in a forum, GypsyChat 2000 – grammar and spelling is terrible [needs backup sources]
  • 711 CE, Islam arrived in Pakistan, via Sindh
    • Islam arrived in the area now known as Pakistan in 711 CE, when the Umayyad dynasty sent a Muslim Arab army led by Muhammad bin Qasim against the ruler of Sindh, Raja Dahir, this was due tot he fact that Raja Dahir had given refuge to numerous Zoroastrian Princes who had fled the Islamic conquest of Iran. Muhammad bin Qasim’s army was defeated in his first three attempts. The Muslim army conquered the northwestern part of the Indus Valley from Kashmir to the Arabian Sea.
  • Up to 1185 AC, there were many Zoroastrians in Sindh
    • in the city of Uchh situated on the River Indus


Excellent Research Resources:

Questions:

Given the Zoroastrian presence in Sindh (many immigrated after Islam took over their homelands, i.e. Iran), are there any fire temples or ruins of fire temples in Sindh?

4 thoughts on “The Sindh Region, Indus River Civilization and Persian Influence

  • The question at the bottom that asks, ‘many immigrated after Islam took over their homelands, i.e. Iran).’ That’s ridiculous, Islam arrived in the province in 700AD – Zoroastrians lived in the Sindh province until the partition of India took place on 1947 – after which Zoroastrians moved out to either India or Iran. Before that, Zoroastrians lived with Muslims, Hindus and others peacefully for centuries.

  • یہ ایک اچھی تحریر ہے ، اس میں اگر یہ بھی بتایا جائے کہ کس طرح مغلوں کے گورنروں نے سندھ کی زمینوں پر قبضہ کرکے لوٹ کھسوٹ کی اور صوفی شاہ عنایت کو شہید کرایا ۔

  • The Parsis from Fars from mainland Persian empire migrated to Kohistan mountains in Pakistan from Persia after number of invasions by Arabs ,Frontier province and Sind were provinces of Persia at that time,the Parsis later migrated to the Gujrat basin and during the British influence later they migrated to Karachi Quetta and the Far East the two sons of Hazrat Adam alaih Salam constructed temples at Sanaa and Aden

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